系统性红斑狼疮HLA-DM基因与环境危险因素研究

目的探索HLA-DM基因及其与环境危险因素的交互作用对系统性红斑狼疮(SLE)发病的影响.方法采取病例对照研究,用PCR-RFLP的方法确定HLA-DM的基因型,用非条件logistic模型分析SLE的危险因素,用广义线性模型分析环境与基因的交互作用.结果共检测到3种DMA与4种DMB等位基因,其分布在SLE组与正常对照组分布一致.logistic模型分析显示SLE的环境危险因素有5个(潮湿、精神刺激、日晒、刀豆、扁桃体感染),女性个人婚育史因素有3个(出生时母亲的年龄、月经初潮年龄、流产次数).广义线性模型分析提示HLA-DMB*0102与扁桃体感染的交互项效应达到显著水平.结论有多个环境危险因素与SLE的发病有关,HLA-DM基因的遗传多态性对SLE发病及活动性没有独立作用,但HLA-DM基因与某些环境因素存在交互作用.     

乳腺癌患者住院费用及其影响因素分析

目的:分析乳腺癌患者住院费用的影响因素,以控制医疗费用的不合理增长.方法:采用单因素和多元统计方法,分析广州市7所三甲医院2002年乳腺癌患者的住院费用及其影响因素.结果:影响乳腺癌病人住院费用的主要因素有住院天数、不同医院、手术与否,而不同的支付方式、不同住院次数和不同年龄组的乳腺癌患者的平均住院费用也存在差异.结论:减少住院天数是控制医疗费用的最有效途径,应加强合理用药与检查的管理,进一步完善医疗保障制度改革,从而控制医疗费用不合理增长.     

影响院内心脏复苏成功的多因素临床分析

目的 研究心脏猝死患者临床特征及影响其成功复苏的相关因素。方法 对我院76例住院患者心跳骤停心脏复苏术进行回顾分析。结果 76例患者即刻心脏复苏成功率达47例(61．8％)，完全成活率28例(36．8％)，总死亡率63．2％。复苏成功与复苏开始的时间、心跳骤停的方式、心脏的结构和功能状况呈正相关，与电除颤的次数呈负相关，与年龄性别关系不明确。结论 即刻心脏电复律是影响心脏复苏成功的关键因素，持续有效的心脏按压是保证心肺复苏成功的前提条件，基础心脏病是影响转归的主要因素。     

Factors predicting recovery of erections after radical prostatectomy

PURPOSE: Because preservation of functioning penile erections is a major concern for many patients considering treatment for localized prostate cancer, we analyzed various factors determined before and after radical retropubic prostatectomy to identify those significantly associated with recovery of erectile function. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Our prospective database of patients undergoing pelvic lymphadenectomy and radical retropubic prostatectomy was used to determine factors predictive of erection recovery after radical prostatectomy. The study included 314 consecutive men with prostate cancer treated with radical retropubic prostatectomy between November 1993 and December 1996. Preoperative potency satisfactory for intercourse and degree of neurovascular bundle preservation during the operation were documented. RESULTS: Patient age, preoperative potency status and extent of neurovascular bundle preservation but not pathological stage were predictive of potency recovery after radical prostatectomy. At 3 years after the operation 76% of men younger than age 60 years with full erections preoperatively who had bilateral neurovascular bundle preservation would be expected to regain erections sufficient for intercourse. Compared to the younger men, those 60 to 65 years old were only 56% (95% confidence interval [CI] 37 to 84) and those older than 65 years were 47% (95% CI 30 to 73) as likely to recover potency. Patients with recently diminished erections were only 63% (95% CI 38 to 100) as likely to recover potency as men with full erections preoperatively, and those with partial erections were only 47% (95% CI 23 to 96) as likely to recover potency. Resection of 1 neurovascular bundle reduced the chance of recovery to 25% (95% CI 10 to 61) compared to preserving both nerves. CONCLUSIONS: Knowledge of preoperative erectile function and patient age before the operation and the degree of neurovascular bundle preservation afterward may aid in patient counseling regarding potency recovery after radical prostatectomy.     

苏北贫困农村学龄前儿童生长发育及营养状况调查

目的 :了解苏北贫困农村学龄前儿童生长发育状况及影响因素 ,为制定儿童健康保障机制提供科学依据。方法 :采用WHO推荐的Z评分方法对儿童生长发育状况进行评价 ,并对儿童的家庭状况、膳食模式等影响因素进行分析。结果 :苏北贫困农村儿童的身高、体重均低于WHO推荐的体格生长标准的第 5 0百分位 ,身高和体重均低于第 3百分位的人数百分比为 4 .2 0 % ,身高低于第 3百分位的人数百分比为 1 7.2 9% ,体重低于第 3百分位的人数百分比为 6 .97%。结论 :母亲文化程度、职业和膳食模式是影响贫困农村学龄前儿童生长发育的主要因素     

我国5城市已婚育龄妇女母乳喂养影响因素分析

目的 :了解城市居民中母乳喂养状况及其影响因素。方法 :以“计划生育问卷调查”的方式 ,对广州等 5城市已婚育龄妇女进行抽样调查 ,以寿命表法等统计方法进行分析。结果 :5城市妇女产后母乳喂养率为 94 .5 7%。平均母乳喂养时间 8.0 1月 ,4个月后继续母乳喂养率为 6 1.0 3%。母亲文化程度高者、初产婴儿产后母乳喂养率高。但继续母乳喂养率 ,受母亲生理及自身文化程度等社会心理特征和家庭多种因素的影响。结论 :母乳喂养受母亲、家庭和社会的多种因素的影响 ,应有针对性地加强产妇出院后继续母乳喂养的宣教工作     

妊娠期糖尿病孕妇情绪状态及危险因素分析

目的 :探讨妊娠期糖尿病 ( GDM)孕妇情绪状态及糖尿病的危险因素。方法 :对 4 3例 GDM孕妇和 74例正常孕妇进行对照研究。采集两组孕妇的一般资料 ,并以汉密顿焦虑量表 ( HAMA)、汉密顿抑郁量表 ( HAMD)为工具评定焦虑及抑郁症状。结果 :GDM孕妇焦虑及抑郁症状的发生率均为 2 5 .6 % ( 11/ 4 3) ,焦虑症状的发生率显著高于对照组。GDM孕妇的 HAMA总分及因子分均显著高于对照组。L ogistic回归分析发现 ,孕周、孕妇体重指数、家庭经济状况及 HAMA总分为 GDM的危险因素。结论 :GDM孕妇孕中期焦虑及抑郁症状的发生率较高 ,并且焦虑是 GDM的风险因素。应加强对 GDM孕妇情绪状态变化的检测 ,及时进行心理辅导及心理治疗     

眼科门诊患者中干眼症的初步调查

目的 :了解眼科普通门诊患者中干眼状况并分析可能的原因。方法 :对在 2 0 0 2年 3～ 4月眼科普通门诊患者检测Schirmer试验Ⅰ和泪液镜 (TearscopePlus)检测BUT ,并分析相关的影响因素。结果 :990例 (1980只眼 )患者中 ,角结膜干燥症的患病率为 32 1% (318例 /990例 ) ;其中男性患病率 6 7% (6 6例 /990例 ) ,女性患病率 2 5 4 % (2 5 2例 /990例 ) ;可疑角结膜干燥症患病率 7 7% (76例 /990例 )。统计学分析显示 ,与泪液相关的因素包括性别、年龄、主诉 (干涩感、流泪等 )、体征 (角膜荧光素染色 )和是否伴随全身病 (P <0 0 1) ;其中男性患者Schirmer试验Ⅰ (9 6 6± 5 2 8)mm ,BUT(10 0 1± 4 4 3)秒 ,明显高于女性患者的 (6 82± 6 16 )mm和 (6 88± 3 5 8)秒 (P <0 0 1) ;患者无主诉时Schirmer试验Ⅰ和BUT分别为 (11 5 5±5 14 )mm和 (11 10± 3 93)秒 ,均明显高于有主诉患者的 (5 0 8± 5 0 1)mm和 (5 75± 2 6 3)秒 (P <0 0 1) ;有角膜上皮荧光染色患者Schirmer试验Ⅰ和BUT分别为 (4 4 1± 4 35 )mm和 (5 13± 2 0 2 )秒 ,均显著低于无角膜荧光染色患者的 (8 79±6 0 4 )mm和 (8 83± 4 2 9)秒 (P <0 0 1) ;患者合并有全身病时Schirmer试验Ⅰ和BUT分别为 (4 6 2± 4 14 )     

Pregnancy-related Weight Gain—A Link to Obesity?

Past research on maternal weight gain during pregnancy has focused on determinants and consequences of inadequate weight gain with concerns for the health of the infant. However, with the rising prevalence of obesity among women of childbearing ages and the high proportion of women who are gaining in excess of recommendations, a shift in research focus must occur to include consideration of the mother's long-term health status. The few studies that have examined determinants of excessive weight gain and postpartum weight retention in this country were not comprehensive in assessing diet, physical activity and psychosocial factors and suffer from small sample sizes. Information is lacking concerning pregnant women's perceptions about eating and gaining weight, what they actually eat, how consumption and exercise relate to weight gain, and how psychosocial factors influence these behaviors during pregnancy. Likewise, little is known concerning these same attitudes and behaviors during the postpartum period that may contribute to weight retention     

Using Vignettes to Compare the Quality of Clinical Care Variation in Economically Divergent Countries

Objective. To determine whether clinical vignettes can measure variations in the quality of clinical care in two economically divergent countries.
Data Source/Study Setting. Primary data collected between February 1997 and February 1998 at two Veterans Affairs facilities in the United States and four government-run outpatient facilities in Macedonia.
Study Design. Randomly selected, eligible Macedonian and U.S. physicians (>97 percent participation rate) completed vignettes for four common outpatient conditions. Responses were judged against a master list of explicit quality criteria and scored as percent correct.
Data Collection/ Extraction. An ANOVA model and two-tailed t-tests were used to compare overall scores by case, study site, and country.
Principal Findings. The mean score for U.S. physicians was 67 percent (+/−11 percent) compared to 48 percent (+/−11 percent) for Macedonian physicians. The quality of clinical practice, which emphasizes basic skills, varied greatly in both sites, but more so in Macedonia. However, the top Macedonian physicians in all sites approached or—in one case—exceeded the median score in the U.S. sites.
Conclusions. Vignettes are a useful method for making cross-national comparisons of the quality of care provided in very different settings. The vignette measurements revealed that some physicians in Macedonia performed at a standard comparable to that of their counterparts in the United States, despite the disparity of the two health systems. We infer that in poorer countries, policy that promotes improvements in the quality of clinical practice—not just structural inputs—could lead to rapid improvements in health.